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Bhardwaj, S. K.
- Impact of Mountain Cropping Systems on Groundwater Quality and Soil Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Mid-Hills of Himachal Pradesh in India
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1 Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan), IN
1 Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan), IN
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Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 15, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 1221-1226Abstract
The impact of the mountain cropping system on groundwater quality and soil heavy metal accumulation was studied in mid-hills of Solan and Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh. To assess the impact of dominant cropping systems, the four commonly occurring systems, namely vegetable, fruit, cereal crop and agroforestry were selected in the area ranging from 800-1800m. Uncultivated land in the region was considered as control. In total, there were five treatments which were replicated six times under randomized block design. The study was conducted for two years, i.e. during 2014 and 2015. The study indicated that the mountain cropping systems varied significantly with respect to their impact on groundwater quality and soil heavy metal accumulation. The pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, nitrates and sulphates in groundwater were within drinking water permissible limits prescribed by Bureau to Indian Standards (BIS). The concentration of zinc, arsenic and nickel in groundwater was also within drinking water critical limits prescribed by BIS but lead and cadmium exceeded the limits. The concentration of lead and cadmium ranged from 0.12 to 0.27 mg L-1 and 0 to 0.02 mg L-1, respectively, and followed similar crop system-wise trend, i.e. vegetable > fruit > agriculture > agroforestry > control. The soil accumulation of zinc, arsenic and nickel was within permissible limits prescribed by WHO but lead and cadmium violated the limits. Interestingly, soil accumulation of lead exceeded WHO permissible limits under all cropping systems, including the control. The accumulation of lead and cadmium in soil ranged from 0.16 to 0.44 mg kg-1 and 0.02 to 0.12 mg kg-1, respectively, and had a similar crop system-wise trend they had in groundwater. Therefore, to maintain the quality of the important natural resources like groundwater and soil in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh, necessary steps need to be taken.Keywords
Cropping System, Heavy Metals, Groundwater Quality.References
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- Farmers’ Response and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Low-Hills of Himachal Pradesh in India
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1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, IN
1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, IN
Source
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol 15, No 3 (2016), Pagination: 895-901Abstract
The study examined the farmers' perceptions regarding climate change, types of adaptation strategies, factors influencing adaptation choices and barriers to adaptation, in the low-hill zone of Himachal Pradesh in India. In low-hill zone, 202 farm households were randomly considered for the study. In the region, 62.4 % of the farm households were of the opinion that temperature has increased during the last 10 years, whereas, 57.9% of the respondents have perceived that there is a decrease in rainfall in low-hills of the state. In this part of the state, people have switched over to off farm jobs to meet their livelihood as perceived by 89.1 percent of the respondents. At farm level, farmers have adopted irrigation, crop diversification, change of sowing/planting dates and crop variety as the strategies to cope up with the changing situation. About 50% of the people have perceived that high cost of adaptation, limited knowledge of adaptation measures, lack of access to technology, labour availability and early weather warnings were the main barriers to climate change adaptation. In the region, adaptation to climate change was influenced by education level, household and farm size, access to irrigation and credit, and number of salaried persons in the household.Keywords
Farmers' Perception, Climate Change, Adaptation Strategies.References
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171 009, IN
2 Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, IN
1 Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171 009, IN
2 Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, IN